100 Exercícios de Inglês para o ENEM: Teste Seu Nível para a Prova

VIVA LA VIDA
I used to rule the world
Seas would rise when I gave the word
Now in the morning and I sleep alone
Sweep the streets I used to own
I used to roll the dice
Feel the fear in my enemy’s eyes
Listen as the crowd would sing
“Now the old king is dead! Long live the king!”
One minute I held the key
Next the walls were closed on me
And I discovered that my castles stand
Upon pillars of salt and pillars of sand
[…]
MARTIN, C. Viva la vida, Coldplay. In: Viva la vida or Death and all his friends. Parlophone, 2008.

Letras de músicas abordam temas que, de certa forma,
podem ser reforçados pela repetição de trechos ou
palavras. O fragmento da canção Viva la vida, por
exemplo, permite conhecer o relato de alguém que:

THE WEATHER MAN

They say that the British love talking about the weather. For other nationalities this can be a banal and boring subject of conversation, something that people talk about when they have nothing else to say to each other.  And yet the weather is a very important part of our lives. That at least Is the opinion of Barry Gromett, press officer for The Met Office. This is located in Exeter, a pretty cathedral city in the Southwest of England. Here employees – and computers – supply weather forecasts for much of the world.

Speak Up. Ano XXIII, nº 275.

Ao conversar sobre a previsão do tempo, o texto mostra:

THE DEATH OF THE PC

The days of paying for costly software upgrades are numbered. The PC will soon be obsolete. And BusinessWeek

reports 70% of Americans are already using the technology that will replace it. Merrill Lynch calls it “a $160 billion tsunami.” Computing giants including IBM, Yahoo!, and Amazon are racing to be the first to cash in on this PC-killing revolution. Yet, two little-known companies have a huge head start. Get their names in a free report from The Motley Fool called, “The Two Words Bill Gates Doesn´t Want You              to Hear...”

Click here for instant access to this FREE report!

BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE MOTLEY FOOL.

Disponível em: http://www.fool.com. Acesso em: 21 jul. 2010.

Ao optar por ler a reportagem completa sobre o assunto anunciado, tem-se acesso a duas palavras que Bill Gates não quer que o leitor conheça e que se referem:

MILLENIUM GOALS

Disponível em: http://www.chris-alexander.co.uk/1191. Acesso em: 28 jul. 2010 (adaptado).

Definidas pelos países membros da Organização das Nações Unidas e por organizações internacionais, as metas de desenvolvimento do milênio envolvem oito objetivos a serem alcançados até 2015. Apesar da diversidade cultural, esses objetivos, mostrados na imagem, são comuns ao mundo todo, sendo dois deles:

TRADE POSTCARDS WITH US!

Disponível em: http://www.meganbergdesigns.com/andrill/iceberg07/postcards/index.html. Acesso em: 29 jul. 2010 (adaptado).

Os cartões-postais costumam ser utilizados por viajantes que desejam enviar notícias dos lugares que visitam a parentes e amigos. Publicado no site do projeto ANDRILL, o texto em formato de cartão-postal tem o propósito de:

THE SIX-YEAR MOLARS
The six-year molars are the “keystone” of the dental arch. They are also extremely susceptible to decay. Parents have to understand that these teeth are very important. Over 25% of 6 to 7 year old children have beginning cavities in one of the molars. The early loss of one of these molars causes serious problems in childhood and adult life. It is never easy for parents to make kids take care of their teeth. Even so, parents have to insist and never give up.

Módulo do Ensino Integrado  Fundamental, Médio, Profissional, DCL!

O texto aborda uma temática inerente ao processo de desenvolvimento do ser humano, a dentição. Há informação quantificada na mensagem quando se diz que as cáries dos dentes mencionados:

THE RECORD INDUSTRY

The record industry is undoubtedly in crisis, with labels laying off employees in continuation. This is because CD sales are plummeting as youngsters prefer to download their music from the Internet, usually free of charge. And yet it´s not all gloom and doom. Some labels are in fact thriving. Putumayo World Music, for example, is growing, thanks to its catalogue of ethnic compilation albums, featuring work by largely unknown artists from around the planet. Putumayo, which takes its name from a valley in Colombia, was founded in New York in 1993. It began life as an alternative clothing company, but soon decided to concentrate on music. Indeed its growth appears to have coincided with that of world music as a genre.

Speak Up. Ano XXIII, nº 275 (fragmento).

A indústria fonográfica passou por várias mudanças no século XX e, como consequência, as empresas enfrentaram crises. Entre as causas, o texto da revista Speak Up aponta:

HIP HOP MUSIC

Hip hop music is a musical genre which developed as part of hip hop culture, and is defined by key stylistic elements such as rapping, DJing, sampling (or synthesis), scratching and beatboxing. Hip hop began in the South Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop denotes the practices of an entire subculture.

Disponível em: http://en.wikipedia.org. Acesso em: 8 jul. 2010.

Brazilian hip hop is one of the world’s major hip hop scenes, with active rap, break dance, and graffiti scenes, especially in São Paulo, where groups tend to have a more international style, influenced by old school hip hop and gangsta rap. Brazilian rap has served as a reflection of political, social, and racial issues plaguing the disenfranchised youth in the suburbs of São Paulo and Rio. The lyrical content, band names, and song names used by Brazilian hip hop artists often connote the socio-political issues surrounding their communities. Disponível em: http://en.wikipedia.org. Acesso em: 8 jul. 2010 (fragmento)

Sendo a música uma das formas de manifestação cultural de um país, o rap brasileiro, a partir das informações do texto, tem sido caracterizado:

CRYSTAL BALL

Come see your life in my crystal glass –

Twenty-five cents is all you pay.

Let me look into your past –

Here’s what you had for lunch today:

Tuna salad and mashed potatoes,

Collard greens pea soup and apple juice,

Chocolate milk and lemon mousse.

You admit I’ve got told it all?

Well, I know it, I confess,

Not by looking, in my ball,

But just by looking at your dress.

SILVERSTEIN, S. Falling up. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996.

A curiosidade a respeito do futuro pode exercer um fascínio peculiar sobre algumas pessoas, a ponto de colocá-las em situações inusitadas. Na letra da música Crystal Ball essa situação fica evidente quando é revelado à pessoa que ela:

THIS GADGET IS EVERYTHING I HAVE EVER WANTED

Disponível em: http://www.weblogcartoons.com. Acesso em: 13 jul. 2010

Os aparelhos eletrônicos contam com um número cada vez maior de recursos. O autor do desenho detalha os diferentes acessórios e características de um celular e, a julgar pela maneira como os descreve, ele:

REPORTS DUE TODAY!

GLASBERGEN, R. Today’s cartoon. Disponível em: http://www.glasbergen.com. Acesso em: 23 jul. 2010.

Na fase escolar, é prática comum que os professores passem atividades extraclasse e marquem uma data para que as mesmas sejam entregues para correção. No caso da cena da charge, a professora ouve uma estudante apresentando argumentos para:

UNIVERSITY

Going to university seems to reduce the risk of dying from coronary heart disease. An American study that involved 10 000 patients from around the world has found that people who leave school before the age of 16 are five times more likely to suffer a heart attack and die than university graduates.

World Report News. Magazine Speak Up. Ano XIV, nº 170. Editora Camelot, 2001.

HOW’S YOUR MOOD?

For an interesting attempt to measure cause and effect try Mappiness, a project run by the London School of Economics, which offers a phone app that prompts you to record your mood and situation. The Mappiness website says: “We’re particularly interested in how people’s happiness is affected by their local environment ― air pollution, noise, green spaces, and so on ― which the data from Mappiness will be absolutely great for investigating.” Will it work? With enough people, it might. But there are other problems. We’ve been using happiness and well-being interchangeably. Is that ok? The difference comes out in a sentiment like: “We were happier during the war.” But was our well-being also greater then?

Disponível em: http://www.bbc.co.uk. Acesso em: 27 jun. 2011 (adaptado).

O projeto Mappiness, idealizado pela London School of Economics, ocupa-se do tema relacionado:

WAR
Until the philosophy which holds one race superior
And another inferior Is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned
Everywhere is war ― Me say war.
That until there is no longer
First class and second class citizens of any nation
Until the color of a man’s skin Is of no more significance than the color of his eyes ― Me say war. […]
And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique, South Africa, sub-human bondage have been toppled
Utterly destroyed ― Well, everywhere is war ― Me say war.
War in the east, war in the west, War up north, war down south ― War ― war ― Rumors of war.
And until that day, the African continent will not know peace.
We, Africans, will fight ― we find it necessary ― And we know we shall win
As we are confident in the victory. […]
MARLEY, B. Disponível em: http://www.sing365.com. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2011 (fragmento).
Bob Marley foi um artista popular e atraiu muitos fãs com suas canções. Ciente de sua influência social, na música War, o cantor se utiliza de sua arte para alertar sobre:

GARFIELD

Disponível em: http://www.garfield.com. Acesso em: 29 jul. 2010

A tira, definida como um segmento de história em quadrinhos, pode transmitir uma mensagem com efeito de humor. A presença desse efeito no diálogo entre Jon e Garfield acontece porque:

QUOTES OF THE DAY
Friday, Sep. 02, 2011
“There probably was a shortage of not just respect and boundaries but also love. But you do need, when they cross the line and break the law, to be very tough.” British Prime Minister DAVID CAMERON, arguing that those involved in the recent riots in England need “tough love” as he vows to “get to grips” with the country’s problem families.
Disponível em: www.time.com. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2011 (adaptado).

A respeito dos tumultos causados na Inglaterra em agosto de 2011, as palavras de alerta de David Cameron têm como foco principal:

PEACE

Aproveitando-se de seu status social e da possível influência sobre seus fãs, o famoso músico Jimi Hendrix associa, em seu texto, os termos love, power e peace para justificar sua opinião de que:

CARTOON

DONAR. Disponível em: http://politicalgraffiti.wordpress.com. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2011.

Cartuns são produzidos com o intuito de satirizar comportamentos humanos e assim oportunizam a reflexão sobre nossos próprios comportamentos e atitudes. Nesse cartum, a linguagem utilizada pelos personagens em uma conversa em inglês evidencia a:

I, TOO
I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.
Tomorrow, I’ll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobody’ll dare
Say to me,
“Eat in the kitchen,”
Then.
Besides,
They’ll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed
I, too, am America.
HUGHES, L. In: RAMPERSAD, A.; ROESSEL, D. (Ed.) The collected poems of Langston Hughes. New York: Knopf, 1994.

Langston Hughes foi um poeta negro americano que viveu no século XX e escreveu I, too em 1932. No poema, a personagem descreve uma prática racista que provoca nela um sentimento de:

23 February 2012 Last update at 16:53 GMT BBC World Service
J. K. Rowling to pen first novel for adults
Author J. K. Rowling has announced plans to publish her first novel for adults, which will be “very different” from the Harry Potter books she is famous for. The book will be published worldwide although no date or title has yet been released. “The freedom to explore new territory is a gift that Harry’s sucess has brought me,” Rowling said. All the Potter books were published by Bloomsbury, but Rowling has chosen a new publisher for her debut into adult fiction. “Although I’ve enjoyed writing it every bit as much, my next book will be very different to the Harry Potter series, which has been published so brilliantly by Bloomsbury and my other publishers around the world,” she said, in a statement. “I’m delighted to have a second publishing home in Little, Brown, and a publishing team that will be a great partner in this new phase of my writing life.”
Disponível em: www.bbc.co.uk. Acesso em: 24 fev. 2012 (adaptado)

J. K. Rowling tornou-se famosa por seus livros sobre o bruxo Harry Potter e suas aventuras, adaptados para o cinema. Esse texto, que aborda a trajetória da escritora britânica, tem por objetivo:

CALVIN AND HOBBES

Disponível em: www.gocomics.com. Acesso em: 26 fev. 2012.

A partir da leitura dessa tirinha, infere-se que o discurso de Calvin teve um efeito diferente do pretendido, uma vez que ele:

Do one thing for diversity and inclusion
The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) is launching a campaign aimed at engaging people around the world to Do One Thing to support Cultural Diversity and Inclusion. Every one of us can do ONE thing for diversity and inclusion; even one very little thing can become a global action if we all take part in it.

Simple things YOU can do to celebrate the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development on May 21.

1. Visit an art exhibit or a museum dedicated to other cultures.
2. Read about the great thinkers of other cultures.
3. Visit a place of worship different than yours and participate in the celebration.
4. Spread your own culture around the world and learn about other cultures.
5. Explore music of a different culture. There are thousands of things that you can do, are you taking part in it?
UNITED NATIONS ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS. Disponível em: www.unaoc.org. Acesso em: 16 fev. 2013 (adaptado)

Internautas costumam manifestar suas opiniões sobre artigos on-line por meio da postagem de comentários. O comentário que exemplifica o engajamento proposto na quarta dica da campanha apresentada no texto é:

After prison blaze kills hundreds in Honduras, UN warns on overcrowding
15 February 2012
A United Nations human rights official today called on Latin American countries to tackle the problem of prison overcrowding in the wake of an overnight fire at a jail in Honduras that killed hundreds of inmates. More than 300 prisoners are reported to have died in the blaze at the prison, located north of the capital, Tegucigalpa, with dozens of others still missing and presumed dead. Antonio Maldonado, human rights adviser for the UN system in Honduras, told UN Radio today that overcrowding may have contributed to the death toll. “But we have to wait until a thorough investigation is conducted so we can reach a precise cause,” he said. “But of course there is a problem of overcrowding in the prison system, not only in this country, but also in many other prisons in Latin America.”
Disponível em: www.un.org. Acesso em: 22 fev. 2012 (adaptado)

Os noticiários destacam acontecimentos diários, que são veiculados em jornal impresso, rádio, televisão e internet. Nesse texto, o acontecimento reportado é a:

National Geographic News
Christine Dell’Amore
Published April 26, 2010
Our bodies produce a small steady amount of natural morphine, a new study suggests. Traces of the chemical are often found in mouse and human urine, leading scientists to wonder whether the drug is being made naturally or being delivered by something the subjects consumed. The new research shows that mice produce the “incredible painkiller” — and that humans and other mammals possess the same chemical road map for making it, said study co-author Meinhart Zenk, who studies plant-based pharmaceuticals at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center in St. Louis, Missouri.
Disponível em: www.nationalgeographic.com. Acesso em: 27 jul. 2010.

Ao ler a matéria publicada na National Geographic, para a realização de um trabalho escolar, um estudante descobriu que:

Steve Jobs: A Life Remembered 1955-2011
Readersdigest.ca takes a look back at Steve Jobs, and his contribution to our digital world.
CEO. Tech-Guru. Artist. There are few corporate figures as famous and well-regarded as former-Apple CEO Steve Jobs. His list of achievements is staggering, and his contribution to modern technology, digital media, and indeed the world as a whole, cannot be downplayed. With his passing on October 5, 2011, readersdigest.ca looks back at some of his greatest achievements, and pays our respects to a digital pioneer who helped pave the way for a generation of technology, and possibilities, few could have imagined.
Disponível em: www.readersdigest.ca. Acesso em: 25 fev. 2012.

Informações sobre pessoas famosas são recorrentes na mídia, divulgadas de forma impressa ou virtualmente. Em relação a Steve Jobs, esse texto propõe:

WE FEEDBACK

A internet tem servido a diferentes interesses, ampliando, muitas vezes, o contato entre pessoas e instituições. Um exemplo disso é o site WeFeedback, no qual a internauta Kate Watts:

If You Can’t Master English, Try Globish PARIS
It happens all the time: during an airport delay the man to the left, a Korean perhaps, starts talking to the man opposite, who might be Colombian, and soon they are chatting away in what seems to be English. But the native English speaker sitting between them cannot understand a word. They don’t know it, but the Korean and the Colombian are speaking Globish, the latest addition to the 6,800 languages that are said to be spoken across the world. Not that its inventor, Jean-Paul Nerrière, considers it a proper language. “It is not a language, it is a tool,” he says. “A language is the vehicle of a culture. Globish doesn’t want to be that at all. It is a means of communication.” Nerrière doesn’t see Globish in the same light as utopian efforts such as Kosmos, Volapuk, Novial or staunch Esperanto. Nor should it be confused with barbaric Algol (for Algorithmic language). It is a sort of English lite: a means of simplifying the language and giving it rules so it can be understood by all.
BLUME, M. Disponível em: www.nytimes.com. Acesso em: 28 out. 2013 (fragmento).

Considerando as ideias apresentadas no texto, o Globish (Global English) é uma variedade da língua inglesa que:

A Tall Order
The sky isn’t the limit for an architect building the world’s first invisible skyscraper. Charles Wee, one of the world’s leading high-rise architects, has a confession to make: he’s bored with skyscrapers. After designing more than 30, most of which punctuate the skylines of rapidly expanding Asian cities, he has struck upon a novel concept: the first invisible skyscraper. As the tallest structure in South Korea, his Infinity Tower will loom over Seoul until somebody pushes a button and it completely disappears. When he entered a 2004 competition to design a landmark tower, the Korean-American architect rejected the notion of competing with Dubai, Toronto, and Shanghai to reach the summit of man-made summits. “I thought, let’s not jump into this stupid race to build another ‘tallest’ tower,” he says in a phone conversation. “Let’s take an opposite approach — let’s make an anti-tower.” The result will be a 150-story building that fades from view at the flick of a switch. The tower will effectively function as an enormous television screen, being able to project an exact replica of whatever is happening behind it onto its façade. To the human eye, the building will appear to have melted away. It will be the most extraordinary achievement of Wee’s stellar architectural career. After graduating from UCLA, he worked under Anthony Lumsden, a prolific Californian architect who helped devise the modern technique of wrapping buildings inside smooth glass skins.
HINES, N. Disponível em: http://mag.newsweek.com. Acesso em: 13 out. 2013 (adaptado).

No título e no subtítulo desse texto, as expressões A Tall Order e The sky isn’t the limit são usadas para apresentar uma matéria cujo tema é:

Masters of War
Come you masters of war
You that build all the guns
You that build the death planes
You that build all the bombs
You that hide behind walls
You that hide behind desk
I just want you to know I can see through your masks.
You that never done nothin’
But build to destroy
You play with my world
Like it’s your little toy
You put a gun in my hand
And you hide from my eyes
And you turn and run farther
When the fast bullets fly.
Like Judas of old
You lie and deceive
A world war can be won
You want me to believe
But I see through your eyes
And I see through your brain
Like I see through the water
That runs down my drain.
BOB DYLAN. The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan. Nova York: Columbia Records, 1963 (fragmento)

Na letra da canção Masters of War, há questionamentos e reflexões que aparecem na forma de protesto contra:

The Road Not Taken (by Robert Frost)
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I —
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Disponível em: www.poetryfoundation.org. Acesso em: 29 nov. 2011 (fragmento)

Estes são os versos finais do famoso poema The Road Not Taken, do poeta americano Robert Frost. Levando-se em consideração que a vida é comumente metaforizada como uma viagem, esses versos indicam que o autor:

Transportation Security Administration. Disponível em: www.tsa.gov. Acesso em: 13 jan. 2010 (adaptado)

POEM
My brother the star,
my mother the earth
my father the sun,
my sister the moon,
to my life give beauty,
to my body give strength,
to my corn give goodness,
to my house give peace,
to my spirit give truth,
to my elders give wisdom.
Disponível em: www.blackhawkproductions.com. Acesso em: 8 ago. 2012.

Produções artístico-culturais revelam visões de mundo próprias de um grupo social. Esse poema demonstra a estreita relação entre a tradição oral da cultura indígena norte-americana e a:

FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE

RIDGWAY, L. Disponível em: http://fborfw.com. Acesso em: 23 fev. 2012

Na tira da série For better or for worse, a comunicação entre as personagens fica comprometida em um determinado momento porque:

WRITING

Why am I compelled to write? Because the writing saves me from this complacency I fear. Because I have no choice. Because I must keep the spirit of my revolt and myself alive. Because the world I create in the writing compensates for what the real world does not give me. By writing I put order in the world, give it a handle so I can grasp it.

ANZALDÚA, G. E. Speaking in tongues: a letter to third world women writers. In: HERNANDEZ, J. B. (Ed.). Women writing resistance: essays on Latin America and the Caribbean. Boston: South End, 2003

Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa, falecida em 2004, foi uma escritora americana de origem mexicana que escreveu sobre questões culturais e raciais. Na citação, o intuito da autora é evidenciar as:

How fake images change our memory and behaviour
For decades, researchers have been exploring just how unreliable our own memories are. Not only is memory fickle when we access it, but it’s also quite easily subverted and rewritten. Combine this susceptibility with modern image-editing software at our fingertips like Photoshop, and it’s a recipe for disaster. In a world where we can witness news and world events as they unfold, fake images surround us, and our minds accept these pictures as real, and remember them later. These fake memories don’t just distort how we see our past, they affect our current and future behaviour too – from what we eat, to how we protest and vote. The problem is there’s virtually nothing we can do to stop it. Old memories seem to be the easiest to manipulate. In one study, subjects were showed images from their childhood. Along with real images, researchers snuck in manipulated photographs of the subject taking a hotair balloon ride with his or her family. After seeing those images, 50% of subjects recalled some part of that hot-air balloon ride – though the event was entirely made up.
EVELETH, R. Disponível em: www.bbc.com. Acesso em: 16 jan. 2013 (adaptado)

A reportagem apresenta consequências do uso de novas tecnologias para a mente humana. Nesse contexto, a memória das pessoas é influenciada pelo(a)

Italian university switches to English

By Sean Coughlan, BBC News education correspondent

16 May 2012 Last updated at 09:49 GMT

Milan is crowded with Italian icons, which makes it even more of a cultural earthquake that one of Italy’s leading universities — the Politecnico di Milano — is going to switch to the English language. The university has announced that from 2014 most of its degree courses — including all its graduate courses — will be taught and assessed entirely in English rather than Italian. The waters of globalization are rising around higher education — and the university believes that if it remains Italian-speaking it risks isolation and will be unable to compete as an international institution. “We strongly believe our classes should be international classes — and the only way to have international classes is to use the English language”, says the university’s rector, Giovanni Azzone.

COUGHLAN, S. Disponível em: www.bbc.co.uk. Acesso em: 31 jul. 2012.

As línguas têm um papel importante na comunicação entre pessoas de diferentes culturas. Diante do movimento de internacionalização no ensino superior, a universidade Politecnico di Milano decidiu:

Ebony and ivory

Ebony and ivory live together in perfect harmony

Side by side on my piano keyboard, oh Lord, why don’t we?

We all know that people are the same wherever we go

There is good and bad in ev’ryone,

We learn to live, we learn to give

Each other what we need to survive together alive.

McCARTNEY, P. Disponível em: www.paulmccartney.com. Acesso em: 30 maio 2016

Em diferentes épocas e lugares, compositores têm utilizado seu espaço de produção musical para expressar e problematizar perspectivas de mundo. Paul McCartney, na letra dessa canção, defende:

Frankentissue: printable cell technology

In November, researchers from the University of Wollongong in Australia announced a new bio-ink that is a step toward really printing living human tissue on an inkjet printer. It is like printing tissue dot-by-dot. A drop of bioink contains 10,000 to 30,000 cells. The focus of much of this research is the eventual production of tailored tissues suitable for surgery, like living Band-Aids, which could be printed on the inkjet. However, it is still nearly impossible to effectively replicate nature’s ingenious patterns on a home office accessory. Consider that the liver is a series of globules, the kidney a set of pyramids. Those kinds of structures demand 3D printers that can build them up, layer by layer. At the moment, skin and other flat tissues are most promising for the inkjet.

Disponível em: http://discovermagazine.com. Acesso em: 2 dez. 2012

O texto relata perspectivas no campo da tecnologia para cirurgias em geral, e a mais promissora para este momento enfoca o(a):

PREPARE

Orientações à população são encontradas também em sites oficiais. Ao clicar no endereço eletrônico mencionado no cartaz disponível na internet, o leitor tem acesso aos(às):

BOFOG

BOGOF is used as a noun as in ‘There are some great bogofs on at the supermarket’ or an adjective, usually with a word such as ‘offer’ or ‘deal’ — ‘there are some great bogof offers in store’. When you combine the first letters of the words in a phrase or the name of an organisation, you have an acronym. Acronyms are spoken as a word so NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) is not pronounced N-A-T-O. We say NATO. Bogof, when said out loud, is quite comical for a native speaker, as it sounds like an insult, ‘Bog off!’ meaning go away, leave me alone, slightly childish and a little old-fashioned. BOGOF is the best-known of the supermarket marketing strategies. The concept was first imported from the USA during the 1970s recession, when food prices were very high. It came back into fashion in the late 1990s, led by big supermarket chains trying to gain a competitive advantage over each other. Consumers were attracted by the idea that they could get something for nothing. Who could possibly say ‘no’?

Disponível em: www.bbc.co.uk. Acesso em: 2 ago. 2012 (adaptado)

Considerando-se as informações do texto, a expressão “bogof” é usada para:

Israel Travel Guide

Israel has always been a standout destination. From the days of prophets to the modern day nomad this tiny slice of land on the eastern Mediteranean has long attracted visitors. While some arrive in the ‘Holy Land’ on a spiritual quest, many others are on cultural tours, beach holidays and eco-tourism trips. Weeding through Israel’s convoluted history is both exhilarating and exhausting. There are crumbling temples, ruined cities, abandoned forts and hundreds of places associated with the Bible. And while a sense of adventure is required, most sites are safe and easily accessible. Most of all, Israel is about its incredibly diverse population. Jews come from all over the world to live here, while about 20% of the population is Muslim. Politics are hard to get away from in Israel as everyone has an opinion on how to move the country forward — with a ready ear you’re sure to hear opinions from every side of the political spectrum.

Disponível em: www.worldtravelguide.net. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2012

Antes de viajar, turistas geralmente buscam informações sobre o local para onde pretendem ir. O trecho do guia de viagens de Israel:

FRIDA

One of the things that made an incredible impression on me in the film was Frida’s comfort and celebration of her own unique beauty. She didn’t try to fit into conventional ideas or images about womanhood or what makes someone or something beautiful. Instead, she fully inhabited her own unique gifts, not particularly caring what other people thought. She was magnetic and beautiful in her own right. She painted for years, not to be a commercial success or to be discovered, but to express her own inner pain, joy, family, love and culture. She absolutely and resolutely was who she was. The trueness of her own unique vision and her ability to stand firmly in her own truth was what made her successful in the end.

HUTZLER, L. Disponível em: www.etbscreenwriting.com. Acesso em: 6 maio 2013

A autora deste comentário sobre o filme Frida mostra-se impressionada com o fato de a pintora:

Letters

Children and Guns Published: May 7, 2013

To the Editor: Re “Girl’s Death by Gunshot Is Rejected as Symbol” (news article, May 6):

I find it abhorrent that the people of Burkesville, KY are not willing to learn a lesson from the tragic shooting of a 2-year-old girl by her 5-year-old brother. I am not judging their lifestyle of introducing guns to children at a young age, but I do feel that it’s irresponsible not to practice basic safety with anything potentially lethal - guns, knives, fire and so on. How can anyone justify leaving guns lying around, unlocked and possibly loaded, in a home with two young children? I wish the family comfort during this difficult time, but to dismiss this as a simple accident leaves open the potential for many more such “accidents” to occur. I hope this doesn’t have to happen several more times for legislators to realize that something needs to be changed.

EMILY LOUBATON Brooklyn, May 6, 2013

Disponível em: www.nytimes.com. Acesso em: 10 maio 2013

No que diz respeito à tragédia ocorrida em Burkesville, a autora da carta enviada ao The New York Times busca:

PROPAGANDA

Reader’s Digest, set. 1993

Nesse texto publicitário são utilizados recursos verbais e não verbais para transmitir a mensagem. Ao associar os termos anyplace e regret à imagem do texto, constata-se que o tema da propaganda é a importância da:

British Government to Recruit Teens as Next Generation of Spies

In the 50 years since the first James Bond movie  created a lasting impression of a British secret agent, a completely different character is about to emerge. Britain’s intelligence agencies are to recruit their next generation of cyber spies by harnessing the talents of the “Xbox generation”. In an expansion of a pilot program, Foreign Secretary William Hague announced Thursday that up to 100 18-year-olds will be given the chance to train for a career in Britain’s secret services. The move to recruit school-leavers marks a break with the past, when agencies mainly drew their staff from among university graduates. “Young people are the key to our country’s future success, just as they were during the War”, Hague said. “Today we are not at war, but I see evidence every day of deliberate, organized attacks against intellectual property and government networks in the United Kingdom.” The new recruitment program, called the Single Intelligence Account apprenticeship scheme will enable students with suitable qualifications in science, technology or engineering, to spend two years learning about communications, security and engineering through formal education, technical training and work placements.

JEARY, P. Disponível em: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2012

Segundo informações veiculadas pela NBC News, a geração digital já tem seu espaço conquistado nas agências britânicas de inteligência. O governo britânico decidiu que:

CARTOON

GLASBERGEN, R. Disponível em: www.glasbergen.com. Acesso em: 3 jul. 2015 (adaptado)

No cartum, a crítica está no fato de a sociedade exigir do adolescente que:

Lava Mae: Creating Showers on Wheels for the Homeless

San Francisco, according to recent city numbers, has 4,300 people living on the streets. Among the many problems the homeless face is little or no access to showers. San Francisco only has about 16 to 20 shower stalls to accommodate them. But Doniece Sandoval has made it her mission to change that. The 51-year-old former marketing executive started Lava Mae, a sort of showers on wheels, a new project that aims to turn decommissioned city buses into shower stations for the homeless. Each bus will have two shower stations and Sandoval expects that they'll be able to provide 2,000 showers a week.

ANDREANO, C. Disponível em: http://abcnews.go.com. Acesso em: 26 jun. 2015 (adaptado)

A relação dos vocábulos shower, bus e homeless, no texto, refere-se a

TEXTO I - A Free World-class Education for Anyone Anywhere

The Khan Academy is an organization on a mission. We're a not-for-profit with the goal of changing education for the better by providing a free world-class education to anyone anywhere. All of the site's resources are available to anyone. The Khan Academy's materials and resources are available to you completely free of charge.

Disponível em: www.khanacademy.org. Acesso em: 24 fev. 2012 (adaptado).

TEXTO II

I didn't have a problem with Khan Academy site until very recently. For me, the problem is the way Khan Academy is being promoted. The way the media sees it as “revolutionizing education”. The way people with power and money view education as simply “sit-and-get”. If your philosophy of education is “sit-and-get”, i.e., teaching is telling and learning is listening, then Khan Academy is way more efficient than classroom lecturing. Khan Academy does it better. But TRUE progressive educators, TRUE education visionaries and revolutionaries don't want to do these things better. We want to DO BETTER THINGS.

Disponível em: http://fnoschese.wordpress.com. Acesso em: 2 mar. 2012

Com o impacto das tecnologias e a ampliação das redes sociais, consumidores encontram na internet possibilidades de opinar sobre serviços oferecidos. Nesse sentido, o segundo texto, que é um comentário sobre o site divulgado no primeiro, apresenta a intenção do autor de:

Don't write in English, they said,

English is not your mother tongue…

...The language I speak

Becomes mine, its distortions, its queerness

All mine, mine alone, it is half English, half

Indian, funny perhaps, but it is honest,

It is as human as I am human...

...It voices my joys, my longings my

Hopes... (Kamala Das, 1965:10)

GARGESH, R. South Asian Englishes. In: KACHRU, B. B.; KACHRU, Y.; NELSON, C. L. (Eds.). The Handbook of World Englishes. Singapore: Blackwell, 2006.

A poetisa Kamala Das, como muitos escritores indianos, escreve suas obras em inglês, apesar de essa não ser sua primeira língua. Nesses versos, ela:

1984 (excerpt)

Is it your opinion, Winston, that the past has real existence?’ [...] O'Brien smiled faintly. ‘I will put it more precisely. Does the past exist concretely, in space? Is there somewhere or other a place, a world of solid objects, where the past is still happening?’ ‘No.’ ‘Then where does the past exist, if at all?’ ‘In records. It is written down.’ ‘In records. And — —?’ ‘In the mind. In human memories.’ ‘In memory. Very well, then. We, the Party, control all records, and we control all memories. Then we control the past, do we not?’

ORWELL, G. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York: Signet Classics, 1977.

O romance 1984 descreve os perigos de um Estado totalitário. A ideia evidenciada nessa passagem é que o controle do Estado se dá por meio do(a):

SERENA WILLIAMS

What is it about Serena that inspires such vitriol? Is it that she dominates in a sport that was once considered to be for the upper crust at country clubs? One would think that Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe had put that idea to rest decades ago. Is it that she is considered too aggressive on the court? John McEnroe and Boris Becker seem to take the prize for that. Is it because she wins too much? To hate someone merely because he or she is great only speaks to one's own insecurity.

To attempt to and fault with someone because you cannot figure out how or why they win so often only shows that you have already lost. Or is it that she is unapologetically black? A #CarefreeBlackGirl who speaks her mind, supports her people, and whose only real opponent is herself.

Disponivel ern: Hilpe.//heundefeated.com Acesso em: 28 dez. 2018.

O texto, que discorre sobre Serena Williams, uma das mais bem-sucedidas atletas do tênis, tem o objetivo de:

DO IT YOURSELF

Disponível em: www.doityourself.com. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2015.

Pelas expressões do it yourself e How-Tos, entende-se que a pesquisa realizada na página da internet revela uma busca por

CELLPHONES IN PUBLIC PLACES

Most people today have a mobile phone. In fact, many people can't imagine how they ever got along without a portable phone. However, many people also complain about cell phone users. People complain about other people loudly discussing personal matters in public places. They complain when cell phones ring in movie theaters and concert halls. They complain about people driving too slow, and not paying attention to where they are going because they are talking on a cell phone. And they complain about people walking around talking to people who aren't there. Whenever a new communications technology becomes popular, it changes the way society is organized. Society has to invent rules for the polite way to use the new devices. Our social etiquette, our rules of politeness for cell phones, is still evolving.

Disponível em: www.indianchild.com. Acesso em: 28 fev. 2012 (adaptado)

O uso de celulares em lugares públicos tem sido prática corrente. O texto aponta que essa prática tem gerado:

SPRING BREAK CAMP

Spring Break Camp, 2015. Fôlder. Orange County Regional History Center.

Tendo em vista a procura por atividades de lazer em períodos de recesso escolar, esse fôlder:

Monks embrace web to reach recruits

Stew Milne for The New York Times

The Benedictine monks at the Portsmouth Abbey in Portsmouth have a problem. They are aging and their numbers have fallen to 12, from a peak of about 24 in 1969. So the monks have taken to the Internet with an elaborate ad campaign featuring videos, a blog and even a Gregorian chant ringtone. “If this is the way the younger generation are looking things up and are communicating, then this is the place to be”, said Abbot Caedmon Holmes, who has been in charge of the abbey since 2007. That place is far from the solitary lives that some may think monks live. In fact, in this age of social media, the monks have embraced what may be the most popular form of public self-expression: a Facebook page, where they have uploaded photos and video testimonials. Some monks will even write blogs

MILNE, S. Disponível em: www.nytimes.com. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2012 (adaptado)

A internet costuma ser um veículo de comunicação associado às camadas mais jovens da população, embora não exclusivamente a elas. Segundo o texto, a razão que levou os religiosos a fazerem uma campanha publicitária na internet foi o(a):

Which skin colour are you? The human swatch chart that confronts racism

In 1933, in a book called The Masters and the Slaves, the Brazilian anthropologist Gilberto Freyre wrote: “Every Brazilian, even the light-skinned, fair-haired one, carries about him on his soul, when not on soul and body alike, the shadow, or at least the birthmark, of the aborigine or the negro.” This was forefront in the mind of the French artist Pierre David when he moved to Brazil in 2009. “When I was in the streets, I could see so many skin colours”, he says. He decided to make a human colour chart, like one you would find in the paint section of B&Q shop, but showing the gradations and shades of our skin colour. The project, called Nuancier or “swatches”, was first shown at the Museu de Arte Moderna in Salvador – Bahia, and is now on show in his native France. “Brazil has a better attitude to skin colour than other developed nations”, he says. “There's no doubt, because the concept of skin colour difference was recognised very early in their history. Now, it even appears on identity documents.” Yet Nuancier, David says, is still a critique of racism, in Brazil and around the world. “This work may seem provocative – to classify men by colour, to industrially produce the colour of an individual so it can be store-bought. But this is a demonstration of the commodification of bodies. It denounces racism anywhere it is found in the world.”

SEYMOUR, T. Disponível em: www.theguardian.com. Acesso em: 21 out. 2015 (adaptado).

O artista francês Pierre David, ao evidenciar seu encantamento com a diversidade de cores de peles no Brasil, no projeto Nuancier, também:

CHILDREN

If children live with criticism, they learn to condemn. If children live with fear, they learn to be apprehensive. If children live with pity, they learn to feel sorry for themselves. If children live with ridicule, they learn to feel shy. If children live with tolerance, they learn patience. If children live with praise, they learn appreciation. If children live with acceptance, they learn to love. If children live with approval, they learn to like themselves. If children live with recognition, they learn it is good to have a goal. If children live with sharing, they learn generosity. If children live with fairness, they learn justice. If children live with kindness and consideration, they learn respect. If children live with friendliness, they learn the world is a nice place in which to live.

NOLTE, D. L. Disponível em: www.americanfamilytraditions.com. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2012.

Valores culturais de um povo revelam sua forma de ser, agir e pensar. Na concepção da autora, as diferentes formas de educar crianças nos Estados Unidos confirmam que as crianças:

5 Ways Pets Can Improve Your Health
A pet is certainly a great friend. After a difficult day, pet owners quite literally feel the love. In fact, for nearly 25 years, research has shown that living with pets provides certain health benefits. Pets help lower blood pressure and lessen anxiety. They boost our immunity. They can even help you get dates. Allergy Fighters: A growing number of studies have suggested that kids growing up in a home with “furred animals” will have less risk of allergies and asthma. Date Magnets: Dogs are great for making love connections. Forget Internet matchmaking — a dog is a natural conversation starter. Dogs for the Aged: Walking a dog or just caring for a pet — for elderly people who are able — can provide exercise and companionship. Good for Mind and Soul: Like any enjoyable activity, playing with a dog can elevate levels of serotonin and dopamine — nerve transmitters that are known to have pleasurable and calming properties. Good for the Heart: Heart attack patients who have pets survive longer than those without, according to several studies.

DAVIS, J. L. Disponível em: www.webmd.com. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2013 (adaptado)

Ao discutir sobre a influência de animais de estimação no bem-estar do ser humano, a autora, a fim de fortalecer seus argumentos, utiliza palavras e expressões como research, a growing number of research e several studies com o objetivo de:

CARTOON

KEEFER, M. Disponível em: www.nj.com. Acesso em: 3 dez. 2018

No cartum, o estudante faz uma pergunta usando turn this thing on por:

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Sugar fear-mongering unhelpful

By The Washington Times

Tuesday, June 25, 2013

In his recent piece “Is obesity a disease?” (Web, June 19), Dr. Peter Lind refers to high-fructose corn syrup and other “manufactured sugars” as “poison” that will “guarantee storage of fat in the body.” Current scientific research strongly indicates that obesity results from excessive calorie intake combined with a sedentary lifestyle. The fact is Americans are consuming more total calories now than ever before. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, our total per-capita daily caloric intake increased by 22 percent from 2,076 calories per day in 1970 to 2,534 calories per day in 2010 — an additional 458 calories, only 34 of which come from increased added sugar intake. A vast majority of these calories come from increased fats and flour/ cereals. Surprisingly, the amount of caloric sweeteners (i.e. sugar, high-fructose, corn syrup, honey, etc.). Americans consume has actually decreased over the past decade. We need to continue to study the obesity epidemic to see what more can be done, but demonizing one specific ingredient accomplishes nothing and raises unnecessary fears that get in the way of real solutions.

JAMES M. RIPPE Shrewsbury, Mass

Disponível em: www.washingtontimes.com. Acesso em: 29 jul. 2013 (adaptado

Ao abordar o assunto “obesidade”, em uma seção de jornal, o autor:

In this life

Sitting on a park bench

Thinking about a friend of mine

He was only twenty-three

Gone before he had his time.

It came without a warning

Didnꞌt want his friends to see him cry

He knew the day was dawning

And I didnꞌt have a chance to say goodbye.

MADONNA. Erotica. Estados Unidos: Maverick, 1992.

A canção, muitas vezes, é uma forma de manifestar sentimentos e emoções da vida cotidiana. Por exemplo, o sofrimento retratado nessa canção foi causado:

NYPD 911 OPERATORS

Opportunities as a Police Communications Technician Police Communications Technicians (911 Operators/ Radio Dispatchers) Starting Salary: $33,162 and can increase to $44,899 Requirements: 1. Four year high school diploma. 2. New York City residency is required within 90 days of appointment. 3. Must be able to understand and be understood in English. 4. Must pass a drug screening. APPLICATION FEE: $47.00 - Payable on the day of the test.

PPLICATION FEE: $47.00 - Payable on the day of the test. Disponível em: www.nypdcivilianjobs.com. Acesso em: 17 out. 2013.

Neste anúncio de emprego no Departamento de Polícia da cidade de Nova Iorque, um dos requisitos para se preencher a vaga é:

Englishman in New York

I don't drink coffee I take tea my dear

I like my toast done on one side

And you can hear it in my accent when I talk

I'm an Englishman in New York

See me walking down Fifth Avenue

A walking cane here at my side

I take it everywhere I walk

I'm an Englishman in New York […]

I'm an alien, I'm a legal alien

I'm an Englishman in New York

I'm an alien, I'm a legal alien

I'm an Englishman in New York Modesty, propriety can lead to notoriety

You could end up as the only one Gentleness, sobriety are rare in this society

At night a candle's brighter than the sun.

STING. Nothing Like the Sun. Studio Album. United States: A&M Records, 1987 (fragmento)

Na letra da canção Englishman in New York, a fala do eu lírico evidencia uma atitude de:

April 22, 2012 The Power of Pictures

by Vickie An

In February, the group took a photography field trip to Haiti’s La Visite national park. A student holds up a lizard as her classmates snap away. It’s said that a picture is worth a thousand words. Conservation photographer Robin Moore believes this. He especially believes that the stories photographs can tell about the environment can inspire people to care for the earth. “It doesn’t matter what language you speak or what culture you come from, because a photo can speak to everyone,” Moore says. That’s the idea behind Frame of Mind. Moore cofounded the organization last year with environmental educator Deanna Del Vecchio and fellow nature photographer Neil Ever Osborne. The group is on a mission to help young people around the world connect with nature through photography workshops. In August 2011, Frame of Mind hosted its very first workshop with 20 youth journalists in Jacmel, Haiti. The workshop was held in partnership with Conservation International and Panos Caribbean. Each student was given a digital camera to use for the week and was taught how to use it. During the session, the kids learned about the local environment and how it relates to their lives.

AN, V. Disponível em: www.timeforkids.com. Acesso em: 1 maio 2012 (adaptado).

Reconhecendo o potencial da fotografia como uma linguagem universal, a organização mencionada intenciona levar:

Global Enterprises Need Business English

Disponível em: www.globalenglish.com. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2015.

O infográfico aborda a importância do inglês para os negócios. Nesse texto, as expressões but e yet only evidenciam:

Classifying

Philip and Annie wear glasses and so do Jim and Sue, but Jim and Sue have freckles, and Tracey and Sammy too. Philip and Jim are in boy’s group but Philip is tall like Sam whilst Jim is small like Tracey and Sue and Clare and Bill and Fran. Sue is in Guides and football whilst Helen fits in most things — except she’s a girl and quite tall. Jenny is curly and blonde and short whilst Sally is curly but dark; Jenny likes netball, writing and maths but Sally likes no kind of work. Philip and Sam are both jolly, Fran’s best for a quiet chat: now I have freckles, like joking, am tall, curly, dark, in Guides, football and play penny whistles and the piano… how do I fit into all that?

NICHOLS, J. In: COLLIE, J.; LADOUSSE, G. Paths into Poetry. England: Oxford University Press, 1993

No poema Classifying, a escritora inglesa Judith Nichols compara várias pessoas com o objetivo de:

DENVER WATER

Disponível em: www.toxel.com. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2012.

A observação dos elementos verbais e visuais do anúncio leva-nos à compreensão de que o objetivo da companhia de abastecimento de água de Denver é:

GOAL

GOAL has worked to improve access to food for highly vulnerable and food-insecure households in many districts of Zimbabwe. We identify such households, supply them with monthly food rations, and conduct monthly post-distribution monitoring. GOAL works in the same districts, to improve access to food for the most vulnerable primary school children during the peak hungry months. The emphasis is on orphans and vulnerable children. GOAL provides short-term food security support to other vulnerable households by increasing the availability of grain, and by helping enhance their ability to meet basic needs.

Disponível em: www.goal.ie. Acesso em: 5 dez. 2012 (adaptado

Tendo como público-alvo crianças órfãs e em situações de vulnerabilidade, a organização não governamental GOAL tem atuado no Zimbábue para:

If Women Had Their Own Currency, Here’s What It Would Be Worth

Charlotte Alter @charlottealter Maya Rhodan @m_rhodan July 31, 2014

After a little girl asked President Obama why there aren’t any women on U.S. currency, he said that adding some female faces to our cash sounded like a "pretty good idea". Almost immediately, all of our fantasies came alive on the web. What would, let’s say, Ruth Bader Ginsburg look like on a $20 bill? Where would we spend our Beyoncé $10 bill first? Will our grandmas give us a Susan B. Anthony $5 bill on our birthdays and tell us not to spend it all at once? But then we remembered: because of the wage gap, a dollar for a woman is not the same as a dollar for a man. Although the true extent of the gender pay gap is widely disputed even among feminists, President Obama said in the 2014 State of the Union that women make only 77¢ for every dollar a man makes.

Disponível em: http://time.com. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2014 (adaptado)

Nas notas e moedas de dólar norte-americano, estão estampados apenas bustos de homens. Ao imaginar a possibilidade de inclusão de figuras célebres femininas às notas, o autor do texto indica que:

Vogue Magazine’s Complicated Relationship with Diversity

Edward Enninful, the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue, has a proven history of addressing diversity that many hope will be the start of an overhaul of the global Vogue brand. In March, he responded sublimely when US President Donald Trump nominated Supreme Court judge Neil Gorsuch, who allegedly does not care much about civil rights: Enninful styled a shoot for his then employer, the New York-based W magazine, in which a range of ethnically diverse models climb the stairs of an imaginary "Supreme Court". In February, after Trump initiated the much-debated immigration ban, Enninful put together a video showcasing the various fashion celebrities who have immigrated into the US. Even before his first official day in Vogue’s Mayfair offices, Enninful had hired two English superstars of Jamaican descent in an attempt to diversify the team. Model Naomi Campbell and make-up artist Pat McGrath both share Enninful’s aim of championing fashion as a force for social change. One can only hope that Enninful’s appointment is not a mere blip, but a move in the right direction on a long road to diversity for the global brand.

Disponível em: www.independent.co.uk. Acesso em: 11 ago. 2017 (adaptado)

Considerando-se as características dos trabalhos realizados pelo novo editor-chefe da Vogue inglesa, espera-se que a revista contribua para a:

Women in Theatre: Why Do So Few Make It to the Top?

An all-female Julius Caesar (A Shakespeare play) has just hit the stage, but it's a rarity in theatre. In a special report, Charlotte Higgins asks leading figures why women are still underrepresented at every level of the business — and what needs to change.

HIGGINS, C. Disponível em: www.guardian.co.uk. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2012.

O vocábulo “rarity” tem um papel central na abordagem do assunto desse texto, que destaca a:

BOOK EXTRACT

Finally, Aisha finished with her customer and asked what colour Ifemelu wanted for her hair attachments. “Colour four.” “Not good colour,” Aisha said promptly. “That’s what I use.” “It look dirty. You don’t want colour one?” “Colour one is too black, it looks fake,” Ifemelu said, loosening her headwrap. “Sometimes I use colour two, but colour four is closest to my natural colour.” [...] She touched Ifemelu’s hair. “Why you don’t have relaxer?” “I like my hair the way God made it.” “But how you comb it? Hard to comb,” Aisha said. Ifemelu had brought her own comb. She gently combed her hair, dense, soft and tightly coiled, until it framed her head like a halo. “It’s not hard to comb if you moisturize it properly,” she said, slipping into the coaxing tone of the proselytizer that she used whenever she was trying to convince other black women about the merits of wearing their hair natural. Aisha snorted; she clearly could not understand why anybody would choose to suffer through combing natural hair, instead of simply relaxing it. She sectioned out Ifemelu’s hair, plucked a little attachment from the pile on the table and began deftly to twist.

ADICHIE, C. Americanah: A novel. New York: Anchor Books, 2013.

A passagem do romance da escritora nigeriana traz um diálogo entre duas mulheres negras: a cabeleireira, Aisha, e a cliente, Ifemelu. O posicionamento da cliente é sustentado por argumentos que:

A Minor Bird

I have wished a bird would fly away, And not sing by my house all day; Have clapped my hands at him from the door When it seemed as if I could bear no more. The fault must partly have been in me. The bird was not to blame for his key. And of course there must be something wrong In wanting to silence any song.

FROST, R. West-running Brook. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1928

No poema de Robert Frost, as palavras “fault” e “blame” revelam por parte do eu lírico uma:

A Mother in a Refugee Camp

No Madonna and Child could touch Her tenderness for a son She soon would have to forget... The air was heavy with odors of diarrhea, Of unwashed children with washed-out ribs And dried-up bottoms waddling in labored steps Behind blown-empty bellies. Other mothers there Had long ceased to care, but not this one: She held a ghost-smile between her teeth, and in her eyes the memory Of a mother’s pride... She had bathed him And rubbed him down with bare palms. She took from their bundle of possessions A broken comb and combed The rust-colored hair left on his skull And then — humming in her eyes — began carefully [to part it. In their former life this was perhaps A little daily act of no consequence Before his breakfast and school; now she did it Like putting flowers on a tiny grave.

ACHEBE, C. Collected Poems. New York: Anchor Books, 2004

O escritor nigeriano Chinua Achebe traz uma reflexão sobre a situação dos refugiados em um cenário pós-guerra civil em seu país. Essa reflexão é construída no poema por meio da representação de uma mãe, explorando a(s):

POSTER

Disponível em: www.csuchico.edu. Acesso em: 11 dez. 2017

Nesse pôster de divulgação de uma campanha que aborda a diversidade e a inclusão, a interação dos elementos verbais e não verbais faz referência ao ato de:

AD CAMPAIGN

Disponível em: https://sites.psu.edu. Acesso em: 12 jun. 2018.

Os recursos usados nesse pôster de divulgação de uma campanha levam o leitor a refletir sobre a necessidade de:

CARTOON

Disponível em: www.cartoonstock.com. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2017

Considerando-se o uso difundido do inglês na atualidade, o cartum remete à:

Of the 7.2 billion people on Earth…

Sources: Ulrich Ammon, University of Düsseldorf, Population Reference Bureau Note: Totals for languages include bilingual speakers.

Of the 7.2 Billion People on Earth, 2015. Disponível em: www.washingtonpost.com. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2017.

Considerando a relação entre o número de habitantes e de línguas faladas no mundo, os dados trazidos pelo infográfico revelam uma:

KAREN

Most people know of the Karen people from television documentaries, magazines and encyclopedias as the “long-neck” or “giraffe” tribe. But the women who wear these brass rings on their neck belong to a sub-group of the Karen known as the Padaung. Whatever the origin of the custom one of the more common reasons it continues today, particularly in Thailand, is tourism. Although the Padaung have migrated to Thailand in only the last ten years, they have become the most popular “attraction” for hill-tribe trekking tourists. Some have written of this as exploitation of the Padaung; many westerners liken the experience of visiting one of these villages to visiting a human zoo. Some tour operators in Thailand now refuse to take tourists into such villages, while some tourists boycott those operators that do.

Disponível em: www.peoplesoftheworld.org. Acesso em: 8 dez. 2017

O texto que versa sobre a prática do uso de argolas no pescoço por mulheres de uma tribo que migrou para a Tailândia tem por finalidade.

Teaching to Transgress

In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech. When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.

HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994

De acordo com Bell Hooks, intelectual negra estadunidense, o poder subversivo do rap consiste na possibilidade de:

Study: Literary Criticism Is Still Overwhelmingly Male

By Zach Schonfeld

Women writers are all over the best-seller lists, but literary criticism is still predominantly a male field.

That’s according to the latest numbers from the volunteer organization VIDA: Women in the Literary Arts, which works for gender and racial parity in the literary world. This year’s report covers prestigious publications like The New York Review of Books, which published 227 male reviewers last year but only 54 female reviewers, and The London Review of Books, which published 146 male critics and 44 women during the same period. The Paris Review “made great strides toward gender parity” in 2013, the report notes, but then slid and published substantially fewer women than men in 2014. As The Guardian points out, those figures are especially striking when you consider that women are more avid readers than men in the U.K., where some of the biggest offenders are based. The figures are not all disheartening. Major magazines like The New Yorker, The Atlantic and Harper’s all showed increases in the number of women published in 2014. That data are valuable (without VIDA, the figures would likely go untallied), and the broader awareness even more so. Top editors likely know gender disparity is an issue, but they’re more likely to pay attention to it when an organization like VIDA is paying attention to them.

SCHONFELD, Z. Disponível em: www.newsweek.com. Acesso em: 15 abr. 2015 (adaptado)

No texto, o autor lança mão de palavras como “literary ”, “male” e “female” para apresentar uma matéria jornalística cujo tema está relacionado ao(à):

Becoming

Back in the ancestral homeland of Michelle Obama, black women were rarely granted the honorific Miss or Mrs., but were addressed by their first name, or simply as “gal” or “auntie” or worse. This so openly demeaned them that many black women, long after they had left the South, refused to answer if called by their first name. A mother and father in 1970s Texas named their newborn “Miss” so that white people would have no choice but to address their daughter by that title. Black women were meant for the field or the kitchen, or for use as they saw fit. They were, by definition, not ladies. The very idea of a black woman as first lady of the land, well, that would have been unthinkable.

Disponível em: www.nytimes.com. Acesso em: 28 dez. 2018 (adaptado).

A crítica do livro de memórias de Michelle Obama, ex-primeira-dama dos EUA, aborda a história das relações humanas na cidade natal da autora. Nesse contexto, o uso do vocábulo “unthinkable” ressalta que:

CARTOON

SIPRESS. Disponível em: www.newyorker.com. Acesso em: 12 jun. 2018

A presença de “at odds with” na fala da personagem do cartum revela o(a):

Exterior: Between The Museums — Day

CELINE Americans always think Europe is perfect. But such beauty and history can be really oppressive. It reduces the individual to nothing. It just reminds you all the time you are just a little speck in a long history, where in America you feel like you could be making history. That’s why I like Los Angeles because it is so…

JESSE Ugly?

CELINE No, I was going to say “neutral”. It’s like looking at a blank canvas. I think people go to places like Venice on their honeymoon to make sure they are not going to fight for the first two weeks of their marriage because they’ll be too busy looking around at all the beautiful things. That’s what people call a romantic place — somewhere where the prettiness will contain your primary violent instinct. A real good honeymoon spot would be like somewhere in New Jersey.

KRIZAN, K.; LINKLATER, R. Before Sunrise: screenplay. New York: Vintage Books, 2005

Considerando-se o olhar dos personagens, esse trecho do roteiro de um filme permite reconhecer que a avaliação sobre um lugar depende do(a):

CELEBRITY CULT

We are now a nation obsessed with the cult of celebrity. Celebrities have replaced the classic notion of the hero. But instead of being respected for talent, courage or intelligence, it is money, style and image the deciding factors in what commands respect. Image is everything. Their image is painstakingly constructed by a multitude of different image consultants to carve out the most profitable celebrity they can. Then society is right behind them, believing in everything that celebrity believes in. Companies know that people will buy a product if a celebrity has it too. It is as if the person buying the product feels that they now have some kind of connection with the celebrity and that some of their perceived happiness will now be passed onto the consumer. So to look at it one way, the cult of celebrity is really nothing more than a sophisticated marketing scheme. Celebrities though cannot be blamed for all negative aspects of society. In reality society is to blame. We are the people who seemed to have lost the ability to think for ourselves. I suppose it’s easier to be told what to think, rather than challenging what we are told. The reason we are swamped by celebrity is because there is a demand for it.

Disponível em: www.pitlanemagazine.com. Acesso em: 7 dez. 2017 (adaptado).

O texto, que aborda questões referentes ao tema do culto à celebridade, tem o objetivo de:

The British (serves 60 million)

Take some Picts, Celts and Silures And let them settle, Then overrun them with Roman conquerors. Remove the Romans after approximately 400 years Add lots of Norman French to some Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Vikings, then stir vigorously. […] Sprinkle some fresh Indians, Malaysians, Bosnians, Iraqis and Bangladeshis together with some Afghans, Spanish, Turkish, Kurdish, Japanese And Palestinians Then add to the melting pot. Leave the ingredients to simmer. As they mix and blend allow their languages to flourish Binding them together with English. Allow time to be cool. Add some unity, understanding, and respect for the future, Serve with justice And enjoy.

Note: All the ingredients are equally important. Treating one ingredient better than another will leave a bitter unpleasant taste.

Warning: An unequal spread of justice will damage the people and cause pain. Give justice and equality to all.

Disponível em: www.benjaminzephaniah.com. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2018 (fragmento).

Ao descrever o processo de formação da Inglaterra, o autor do poema recorre a características de outro gênero textual para evidenciar:

A Guide to Harvard “A Cappella!”

A cappella is such a big deal on all college campuses these days, I thought l'd write a post about what Harvard has to offer (spoiler alert: many incredibly talented groups)!

There are so many groups that we have a cappella jams fairly often, and its, always a good time to go hear the other groups perform.

Some of my favorite memories are hanging out with my a cappella group members both on campus and around the country (and soon the world during our summer tour!).

The Harvard a cappella community is absurdly diverse and talented - I think every Harvard student should take advantage of all we have on campus and go see a show.

Disponível em: college harvard edu. Acesso em: 11 dez. 2017 (adaptado).

A expressão "a cappella" caracteriza o ato de cantar sem o acompanhamento de instrumentos musicais.

A expressão "big deal", usada com relação a esse lema, indica que:

Anyway

You can spend your whole life building

Something from nothin'

One storm can come and blow it all away

Build it anyway

You can chase a .dream that seems so out of reach

And you know it might not ever come your way

Dream it anyway

This world's gone crazy and it's hard to believe

That tomorrow will be better than today

Believe it anyway

You can love someone with all your heart

For all the right reasons

In a moment they can choose to walk away

Love em anyway

McBRIDE, M. Disponivel em: www.elyrics.net. Acesso em: 8 fev. 2013 (fragmento),

Com base na palavra "anyway", que é título da canção, entende-se que o fragmento:

How On-line Gamers are Solving Science’s Biggest Problems

On paper, gamers and scientists make a bizarre union. But in reality, their two worlds aren't leagues apart: both involve solving problems within a given set of rules.

Genetic analysis, for instance, is about finding sequences and patterns among seemingly random clusters of data.

Frame the analysis as a pattern-spotting game that looks like Candy Crush, and, while aligning patterns and scoring points, players can also be hunting for mutations that cause cancer, Alzheimer's disease or diabetes.

"Our brains are geared up to recognise patterns". says Erinma Ochu, a neuroscientist at the University ol Manchester, explaining why scientists are turning to gamers for help, "and we do it better than computers.

This is a new way of working for scientists, but as long as they learn now to trust game developers to do what they do best … make great games - then they can have thousands of people from all around the world working on their data.

Disponivel em: www.theguardian.com. Acesso em: 8 fev. 2014 (adaptado).

De acordo com a reportagem publicada no jornal The Guardian, os adeptos de jogos eletrônicos podem ajudar os cientistas por terem:

SERENA WILLIAMS

What is it about Serena that inspires such vitriol? Is it that she dominates in a sport that was once considered to be for the upper crust at country clubs? One would think that Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe had put that idea to rest decades ago. Is it that she is considered too aggressive on the court? John McEnroe and Boris Becker seem to take the prize for that. Is it because she wins too much? To hate someone merely because he or she is great only speaks to one's own insecurity.

To attempt to and fault with someone because you cannot figure out how or why they win so often only shows that you have already lost. Or is it that she is unapologetically black? A #CarefreeBlackGirl who speaks her mind, supports her people, and whose only real opponent is herself.

Disponivel ern: Hilpe.//heundefeated.com Acesso em: 28 dez. 2018.

O texto, que discorre sobre Serena Williams, uma das mais bem-sucedidas atletas do tênis, tem o objetivo de:

DIALOG

FLANAGAN, M. Disponivel em: www.cartoonsloci.com. Acesso em: 21 ago 2017

Tendo em vista a abrangência do inglés no contexto global, a falha na comunicação evidenciada nesse diálogo é gerada pelo fato de que os interlocutores: